an American Revolution
We had our American Revolution over two centuries ago and the years have done something to it. The legends remain, and the statues and the grassy earthworks and the great body of tradition, but a good deal of the reality has been filtered out – revised! When we look back to see Washington crossing the Delaware on a cold winter night, or kneeling in prayer in the snow of Valley Forge; we see the Minutemen, or a lanky Virginian rifleman picturesque in fringed buckskin; but somehow it all seems out of a pageant, and neither Washington nor the men who followed him quite come alive for us.
This is a pity, because the central reality in this great act that brought a nation to its birth was the living, aspiring, struggling people who were immediately involved in it. A romantic haze has settled down over the whole affair, and when we look through it the facts tend to be a little blurred. And what is most worth remembering – the one thing that so often escapes us – the fact that like all of history’s wars, the war of the American Revolution was a hard, wearing, bloody and tragic business – a struggle to the death that we came very close to losing.
It was a struggle, furthermore, that was fought out by people very much like ourselves; which is to say that they were often confused, usually divided in sentiment, and now and then rather badly discouraged about the possible outcome of the tremendous task they had undertaken. It comes as a shock to realize how many Americans in 1775 were actually opposed to independence and a break with King George III. A good many historians believe that no more than a third of the provincials were active patriots; and they estimate that another third were Loyalists, with the remaining third uncommitted. To continue, it is clear that good many of the people who believed in independence were not always willing to fight for it. When the war began, the colonies contained about 2½ million men, women and children – a population, which should have yielded some seven hundred thousand men capable of bearing arms. Yet in 1780, only one year before the crucial battle at Yorktown, the Continental Army and the state militia together contained no more than one sixteenth of the country’s available manpower.
But all of this says nothing more than the people of the Revolutionary period were extremely human. Enough of them in the end, were willing to fight and die for what they believed in to make the dream of independence and freedom come true, and we who look back at them owe a debt of whose size is almost beyond our comprehension. They did not have an easy time of it, and if they got confused and discouraged now and then it is not to be wondered at.
For behind the great struggle with the professional armies of Great Britain, there was the unending struggle between patriot and Loyalist, a civil war just as real and as bitter as the one which broke out nearly a century later. And although the principal battles were decided along the eastern seaboard, the fighting on the frontiers, along the rim of American civilization, was, if anything, even more violent, and continued in many areas long after the peace treaty with England was signed.
Sometimes, it is hard to see how Americans could have won if the revolution had not turned into a world war – that is, if France had not intervened in the wake of the surrender of Burgoyne’s army – and yet there was an unconquerable toughness at the core of the American effort. The farmers and shopkeepers of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and North Carolina and the other colonies were hard men to beat, and they went quite a way on their own, without any help from anyone but themselves. They knew little about the European methods of warfare – and despite all the tales of frontier riflemen fighting Indian style from behind trees, most of the great Revolutionary battles were fought according to the European style. We were poorly equipped, usually ill fed, and almost certainly badly clothed; but fighting against the world’s greatest power, they managed not only to hold off disaster – but usually gave a little better than they got.
Somewhere, in the course of more than six bitter years of warfare, those Americans worked something out. They began to see, amidst the monotony, discomfort, acute danger, suffering and constant campaigning, that they were somehow more than just soldiers of the separate colonies. Somewhere, through their efforts – because of their efforts – a nation was born. As South Carolina’s Christopher Gadsen had urged before the fighting had started, they began to see that, “There ought be no more New England men, no New Yorkers . . . but all of us Americans!”
That came – and finally independence came after – as it had to come once the vision had truly taken hold.
Bruce Catton
Battle of Lexington
~ Birth of a Nation (1633 – 1800) ~
David Sellack, Colonist (Boston – 1633)
I share with you directly from my family records, which are not unlike hundreds of thousands of similar ancestral stories, which can be told of this grand experiment we call, ‘America.’ ~ Editor
1638-1639: The Oath of a Freeman…OR?
The Oath of a Freeman is thought to have been printed by Stephen Daye in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1638 or 1639. Daye was a locksmith by trade; he set up the press in America when the first printer died on the journey across the Atlantic.
Gov. John Winthrop (1645)
“Liberty is the proper end and object of authority.”
William Penn (1670)
“The great case of Liberty of Conscience, so often debated and defended is once more brought to public view, by a late Act against Dissenters, and Bill, or an additional one, that we all hoped the wisdom of our rulers had long since laid aside…”
Edward Rawson ~ The American tradition of Thanksgiving (1676)
“..that the Lord may behold us as a people, offering praise and thereby glorifying Him…”
William Penn ~ London Board of Trade (1697)
A brief and plain scheme how the English colonies in the North parts of America… may be made more useful to the crown and one an-others’ peace and safety with an universal concurrence.
Jonathan Edwards ~ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God! (July 8, 1741)
“The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God…”
James Otis ~ Why the Colonies’ Most Galvanizing Patriot Never Became a Founding Father (1761)
James Otis, Jr. used his words to whip anti-British sentiment into a frenzy—so why isn’t he better remembered now?
The Stamp Act, 1765
On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the “Stamp Act” to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years’ War. The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards.
Colonial America ~ The Stamp Act of 1765
The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British Parliament. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source.
The Boston Massacre ~ March 5, 1770
The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred between a “patriot” mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry.
From the Boston Massacre to the Boston Tea Party: Massachusetts Kicks Off a Revolution
“Following the the Boston Massacre in 1770, there were different ways in which both onlookers in the British government and the colonists ended up wondering, each one, if the other one was somehow engaged in a plot.” An absolutely superb lecture by Dr. Joanne Freeman, Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University given February 2, 2010
Stephen Hopkins, October 28, 1772
“Declaring the Independence of his slave.”
George Washington: The transfer of slaves from his mother’s farm
Washington privately expressed his growing disdain for the institution – and his desire for its eventual abolition.
John Hancock (March 5, 1774)
“We fear not death!”
Patrick Henry (March 23, 1775)
“I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”
Paul Revere’s Ride (April 18, 1775)
Listen, my children, and you shall hear of the midnight ride of Paul Revere.
BREAKING NEWS: Seventy-Two Killed Resisting Gun Confiscation In Maryland
“National Guard units seeking to confiscate a cache of recently banned assault weapons were ambushed by elements of a Para-military extremist faction. Military and law enforcement sources estimate that 72 were killed and more than 200 injured before government forces were compelled to withdraw”
Emerson ~ Concord Hymn (1837)
“The shot heard ’round the world.”
John Dickinson and Thomas Jefferson (July 6, 1775)
A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms
Offer of Support to Refugees of Boston & Charleston
“In the House of Representatives, November 2d, 1775.”
Thomas Paine ~ Common Sense, February 14, 1776
Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy.
Abigail Adams (March 31, 1776)
“I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.”
Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
The Declaration was intended to lay out the colonist’s long-standing grievances with English policies and serve as a formal break with Great Britain
The Forgotten fifty-six
They gave you and me a free and independent America. The history books never told you a lot of what happened in the Revolutionary War. We didn’t just fight the British. We were British subjects at that time and we fought our own government! Some of us take these liberties so much for granted… We shouldn’t!
Which Woman’s Name Appears on The Declaration of Independence? (July 4, 1776)
“Goddard risked her life and her livelihood by including her own name on the Declaration of Independence.”
Samuel Adams ~ August 1, 1776
“We have no other alternative than independence.”
George Washington, letter ~ September 30, 1776
“I am wearied to death all day with a variety of perplexing circumstances,…”
Thomas Paine’s American Crisis and Finding Hope in the Depths of Winter (December 19, 1776)
“The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”
Articles of Confederation ~ November 15, 1777
Created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments.
General Washington’s Vision – December 1777
“One day, I remember it well, when the chilly winds whistled through the leafless trees, though the sky was cloudless and the sun shown brightly, he remained in his quarters nearly all the afternoon alone. When he came out, I noticed that his face was a shade paler than usual. There seemed to be something on his mind of more than ordinary importance.”
Peter Amiel: Oath of Allegiance to the United States, June 23, 1778
An example of the oath required by the Commissioners of those going to America or entering its service. Amiel’s oath and appointment as captain of the sloop Alliance was the result of a scheme proposed by Poreau, Mackenzie & Cie. of Dunkirk to outfit a privateer at that port.
Thomas Jefferson ~ A Bill Concerning Slaves (June 18, 1779)
“No slave shall go from the tenements of his master, or other person with whom he lives, without a pass, or some letter or token whereby it may appear that he is proceeding by authority from his master, employer, or overseer.”
Newburgh Address: George Washington to Officers of the Army
On March 15, 1783 the officers under George Washington’s command met to discuss a petition that called for them to mutiny due to Congress’ failure to provide them back pay and pensions for their service during the American Revolution.
The Constitution of the united States ~ September 17, 1787
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America”
The united States Constitution · Amendments · Bill of Rights
“I am an old fashioned (‘Old School‘, that is) kind of teacher and as I was growing up – all we had to study this phenomenal work – was The Constitution of the united States of America (not a typo) itself – the WRITTEN word, BUT in these modern times we have the audio AND video variations of those words. Put your mind into this – and LEARN what the basis of our government was – and IS – meant to be.” A COMPLETE Audio+Video study.
The 13th Amendment to the united States Constitution
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” ~ Except that this is not the entire story…
The 14th Amendment to the united States Constitution
All persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and of the state that they reside. No State shall make laws that abridge the privileges and rights. no state shall deprive a person of life, liberty, and property without due process. nor deprive any person within its jurisdiction. Those are Civil rights written in 1866. ~ A Video study.
Benjamin Franklin – Speech on the newly written Constitution (Philadelphia, Pa., 1787)
“I agree to this Constitution with all its faults – if they are such – because I think a general government necessary for us, and there is no form of government but what may be a blessing to the people if well administered…”
Alexander Hamilton ~ Poughkeepsie, New York, 1787
“The states can never lose their powers until the whole people of the United States are robbed of their liberties.”
the American Revolution ~ The Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the collective pseudonym “Publius” to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name The Federalist Papers emerged in the 20th century. . . . and what follows is this special intellectual battle which led to the formation of the Law of the Land – our Constitution!
Patrick Henry at the Virginia Convention, June 5, 1788
“Shall Liberty or Empire be Sought?”
James Madison (June 6, 1788)
“Give me leave to say something of the nature of the government – Would it be possible for government to have credit, without having the power of raising money?”
William Pinkney ~ For the Relief of Slaves (1788)
“If I am honored with the same indulgent attention which the House has been pleased to afford me on past subjects of deliberation I do not despair of surmounting all these obstacles in the common cause of justice, humanity, and policy”
George Washington’s First Inaugural Address – April 30, 1789
“All I dare hope is that if, in executing this task, I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens.”
the Bill of Rights ~ December 15, 1791
The Bill of Rights plays a key role in American law and government, and remains a vital symbol of the freedoms and culture of the nation.
George Washington’s Letter to Gov. Henry Lee ~ August 26,1794
“I consider this insurrection as the first formidable fruit of the Democratic Societies; brought forth I believe too prematurely for their own views, which may contribute to the annihilation of them.”
John Adams – A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law (1765)
”It was this great struggle that peopled America. It was not religion alone, as is commonly supposed; but it was a love of universal liberty, and a hatred, a dread, a horror, of the infernal confederacy before described, that projected, conducted, and accomplished the settlement of America”…
George Washington’s Farewell Address ~ September 17, 1796
“…steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”
